Waste‑to‑energy in Zambia has moved from bold idea to bankable opportunity. Rapid urbanisation, low collection rates, and rising electricity demand create a clear market gap. Yet turning municipal solid waste into reliable power still calls for nimble navigation of Zambia’s dual environmental regime, airtight feedstock deals, and finance structures that spread risk while unlocking multiple revenue streams. This guide distils the essentials—regulations, contracts, capital—and offers a practical roadmap for developers ready to convert trash into sustainable cash.
1. The Regulatory Landscape
1.1 Two Acts, One Goal
Zambia’s Environmental Management Act (EMA) (amended 2023) governs emissions and pollution, while the Solid Waste Regulation & Management Act (SWRMA) 2018 treats solid waste as a resource and assigns municipal responsibility to the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development. A waste‑to‑energy project must satisfy both Acts: ZEMA issues environmental licences; local authorities control waste flow.
1.2 Permits You Cannot Miss
| Permit | Purpose | Issuing Body | Typical Validity |
| Emission Licence | Sets discharge limits; bi‑annual reporting | ZEMA | 1–5 yrs |
| Waste Management Licence | Storage, handling & treatment of waste | ZEMA | 1–3 yrs |
| Solid Waste Service Provider Licence | Collection & processing rights | Local Authority | Renovable yearly |
| Hazardous Waste Licence | If feedstock includes hazardous streams | ZEMA | Project life |
Keep timelines realistic: budgeting 6‑9 months for full approvals reduces costly surprises.
1.3 Mastering the EIA
The Environmental Impact Assessment is a gatekeeper. Register the project, let ZEMA screen its category, engage a recognised consultant, scope issues with communities early, then submit the full report. Clear, proactive stakeholder engagement speeds sign‑off and builds local goodwill.
2. Securing the Feedstock
2.1 Waste Realities on the Ground
Zambians generate roughly 0.5 kg of waste per person daily, but only about 10 % reaches formal dumpsites. Composition skews toward organics and plastics—ideal for thermal or anaerobic WtE technologies. However, inconsistent collection means a plant risks under‑supply unless it helps fix logistics.
2.2 Structuring Rock‑Solid Supply Contracts
A sound feedstock agreement with a council or its waste company (e.g., LISWMC in Lusaka) should lock in:
- Guaranteed volumes & calorific value (with penalties for shortfalls).
- Delivery schedule synced to plant throughput.
- Pricing—will the plant pay for waste, charge tipping fees, or both?
- Contingencies for strikes, floods, or quality dips.
Developers often invest in trucks, transfer stations, or community‑based collectors to keep waste flowing and meet quality specs.
3. Financing & Partnership Models
3.1 Why PPPs Dominate
Public‑Private Partnerships align public oversight with private efficiency. Government contributes land, permits and waste guarantees; the concessionaire designs, finances, builds and operates the plant. The Chunga Landfill project in Lusaka uses this template—Expression of Interest (EOI) ‑‑> Request for Proposals (RFP) ‑‑> 25–30‑year concession.
3.2 Revenue Stack for Bankability
Waste‑to‑energy in Zambia rarely survives on power sales alone. Layer these cash sources:
- Electricity sales—qualify for Zambia’s Renewable Energy Feed‑in Tariff (REFIT) for tariff certainty.
- Tipping fees—US $30–50 per tonne is typical for reliable urban service.
- Carbon credits—methane avoidance sells well on voluntary markets.
- By‑products—ash for bricks, heat for nearby industry, compost from digestate.
Robust financial models should test debt covenants under worst‑case feedstock and tariff scenarios.
3.3 Mitigating Key Risks
| Risk | Mitigation |
| Regulatory change | Stabilisation clauses; government guarantees |
| Feedstock variability | Take‑or‑pay clauses; own collection fleet |
| Technology mismatch | Select proven tech for high‑moisture waste; insist on performance guarantees |
| Forex & interest swings | Hedge USD‑denominated debt; seek local‑currency lines where possible |
4. Case Insight: Chunga Landfill PPP
- Location: 24 ha landfill, 11 km north of Lusaka CBD
- Status (May 2025): EOIs closed; RFP out to short‑listed firms; commercial close expected Q4 2025
- Stakeholders:
- LISWMC – waste owner & grantor
- Private Concessionaire – EPC & O&M
- ZESCO – power off‑taker
- LISWMC – waste owner & grantor
- Lesson Learned: Government‑led site selection and transparent procurement attract credible bidders and reassure lenders.
5. Step‑by‑Step Roadmap
- Feasibility Study – waste audit, tech match, grid interconnect.
- Stakeholder MoUs – secure local‑authority support before investing heavily.
- EIA & Licensing – run in parallel with financing to save time.
- Feedstock Contract – lock in volumes for at least debt tenor.
- Financial Close – combine equity, concessional loans, and climate grants.
- EPC Execution – use fixed‑price, date‑certain contracts.
- Commissioning & Ramp‑Up – stagger loading to fine‑tune emissions controls.
6. Conclusion
Waste‑to‑energy in Zambia can transform urban waste burdens into clean electrons and dependable revenue. Success hinges on early regulatory engagement, bullet‑proof feedstock strategies, and partnership models that spread risk while rewarding performance. Developers who integrate collection logistics, embrace circular‑economy thinking, and leverage programs like REFIT stand to build profitable plants that power communities—and set a new benchmark for sustainable infrastructure in Southern Africa.
