The recently enacted Cyber Security Act, signed by President Hakainde Hichilema on April 8, 2025, marks a turning point in Zambia’s approach to digital governance. For entrepreneurs, this law brings both challenges and opportunities. Understanding the new cybersecurity requirements is critical for ensuring compliance, protecting customer data, and safeguarding business operations.

Key Provisions and What They Mean for Businesses

Surveillance and Monitoring Powers

The new law grants Zambian authorities the right to monitor electronic communications with a court-issued warrant. Law enforcement can search, seize, or access any digital device if it’s believed to hold evidence of a crime.

ICT companies must now monitor user communications. These rules aim to combat online fraud, child pornography, and disinformation. However, international observers have raised privacy concerns, calling the law “intrusive” compared to global privacy norms.

Licensing for Cybersecurity Service Providers

Anyone offering cybersecurity services must now obtain a license from the Zambia Information and Communications Technology Authority (ZICTA). Failure to comply can result in penalties including fines of up to ZMW 100,000 or imprisonment for up to a year. Entrepreneurs in the IT sector should confirm their licensing status immediately.

Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure

Businesses in vital sectors—such as finance, energy, or communications—may be classified as managing “critical information infrastructure.” These businesses will be subject to stricter compliance standards and may face regular inspections or audits.

Creation of New Cybersecurity Institutions

Several new agencies have been established to oversee digital compliance:

• Zambia Cyber Security Agency: Oversees implementation and enforcement of the Act.
  
• Zambia Cyber Incident Response Team (ZCIRT): Handles national cybersecurity threats.
  
• Sectoral Response Teams: Focused on industry-specific cyber challenges.
  

Entrepreneurs must be prepared for direct engagement with these bodies, especially during security breaches or regulatory reviews.

What This Means for Entrepreneurs

Penalties and Legal Risks

Non-compliance can lead to serious consequences, including prison sentences ranging from five to fifteen years depending on the offense. The law also includes extradition clauses for international cybercrimes involving Zambian nationals.

Data Privacy Challenges

While the government claims the law won’t result in “mass surveillance,” critics argue that the scope for government monitoring is broad. Businesses handling customer data should update privacy policies and communication protocols accordingly.

Rising Threat of Cyberattacks

Cybercrime in Zambia has surged in recent years. In 2021 alone, over 10 million attacks were recorded, targeting everything from mobile money platforms to social media accounts. SMEs are particularly vulnerable due to outdated systems and lack of awareness.

How Entrepreneurs Can Stay Compliant and Secure

1. Conduct a Cybersecurity Risk Assessment

Identify vulnerabilities in your systems, data handling, and digital communication practices. This is your first line of defense.

2. Upgrade Security Systems

Implement the following:

• End-to-end encryption
  
• Multi-factor authentication
  
• Regular vulnerability scans
  
• Automated and secure data backups
  

3. Educate Your Staff

Train employees on:

• Cybersecurity best practices
  
• How to identify phishing or scam attempts
  
• Procedures for handling sensitive data
  
• Legal responsibilities under the new law
  

4. Create a Legal Compliance Framework

This should include:

• Documenting all compliance efforts
  
• Protocols for responding to government data requests
  
• Incident reporting guidelines
  
• Regular compliance audits
  

Embracing Innovation While Staying Legal

Turning Compliance Into Opportunity

This law also creates space for growth. It provides a standardized security framework and better cross-border cooperation. Entrepreneurs who act early can turn legal compliance into a competitive advantage.

Don’t Let Regulation Hinder Innovation

While compliance is essential, it shouldn’t block creativity. Use this moment to strengthen your digital infrastructure and build trust with customers. As one supporter noted, “Zambia is building digital resilience, not walking backward.”

Conclusion

Zambia’s new cybersecurity law introduces sweeping changes to the way businesses operate online. Entrepreneurs must act swiftly to understand and comply with the law. At the same time, they should use this moment to boost cybersecurity practices and customer trust.

The coming months will be pivotal. Businesses that prioritize legal compliance, cybersecurity training, and digital transformation will not only survive—but thrive—in Zambia’s evolving digital economy.